The United Kingdom, Great Britain, Britain, England — many people are confused by what these different names mean. So what is the difference between them, if any? Getting to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle.
what these different names mean 是 what 引导的宾语从句，作 by 的宾语。what 在从句中作宾语（= the things that）。
by 表示"关于、涉及"，be confused by 在此处意为"对……感到困惑"，by 引出困惑的内容。
Getting to know... 动名词作主语
Getting to know a little bit about British history will help you solve this puzzle 中动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 will help。
get to know = 逐渐了解（强调过程），区别于 know（已经知道的状态）。
if any 省略结构
if any 是省略结构，完整形式为 if there is any difference。if 省略结构常见：if any（如果有的话）、if ever（如果曾经有的话）、if necessary（如果必要的话）。
这是高考完形和阅读中常见的省略表达，需要补全理解。
In the 16th century, the nearby country of Wales was joined to the Kingdom of England. Later, in the 18th century, the country Scotland was joined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. In the 19th century, the Kingdom of Ireland was added to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Most people just use the shortened name: "the United Kingdom" or "the UK". People from the UK are called "British", which means the UK is also often referred to as Britain or Great Britain.
which resulted in the full name we have today 中 which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子（爱尔兰南部脱离英国这一事件），而非某个名词。
which 指代整个主句内容是非限制性定语从句的常见用法，如 He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.（which 指代"考试通过"这件事）。
are referred to as 被动语态
the UK is also often referred to as Britain 中 refer to sb/sth as 表示"把……称为……"，被动形式 be referred to as 表示"被称为……"。
类似结构：be known as（被称为）、be considered as（被认为）、be regarded as（被看作）。
The four countries that belong to the United Kingdom work together in some areas. They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence. However, they also have some differences. For example, England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland all have different education systems and legal systems. They also have their own traditions, like their own national days and national dishes. And they even have their own football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
the same flag, known as the Union Jack 中 known as the Union Jack 是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰 flag，相当于非限制性定语从句 which is known as the Union Jack。
过去分词作定语表示被动或完成。如 the book written by him（他写的书 = which was written by him）。
文化拓展
Union Jack（英国国旗）：又称 Union Flag，由英格兰白底红十字旗（圣乔治旗）、苏格兰蓝底白交叉旗（圣安德鲁旗）和爱尔兰白底红交叉旗（圣帕特里克旗）叠加组合而成，体现了联合王国的历史构成。
The United Kingdom has a long and interesting history to explore, which can help you understand much more about the country and its traditions. Almost everywhere you go in the UK, you will be surrounded by evidence of four different groups of people who took over at different times throughout history. The first group, the Romans, came in the first century. Some of their great achievements included building towns and roads. Next, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the fifth century. They introduced the beginnings of the English language, and changed the way people built houses. The Vikings came in the eighth century, left behind lots of new vocabulary, and also the names of many locations across the UK. The last group were the Normans. They conquered England after the well-known Battle of Hastings in the 11th century. They had castles built all around England, and made changes to the legal system. The Normans were French, so many French words slowly entered into the English language.
They had castles built all around England 使用了 have sth done 结构，表示"让某事被做"（castles 是 built 的逻辑宾语，castles 与 build 是被动关系）。
have sth done 三层含义：1) 让别人做（I had my hair cut 我让人剪了头发）；2) 遭遇（He had his wallet stolen 他的钱包被偷了）；3) 完成某事（I had my homework finished before dinner 晚饭前完成了作业）。
everywhere you go 地点状语从句
Almost everywhere you go in the UK 中 everywhere 是连接副词，引导地点状语从句，相当于 no matter where you go。
类似用法的词：wherever / anywhere / wherever you go 都可以引导地点状语从句。
There is so much more to learn about the interesting history and culture of the United Kingdom. Studying the history of the country will make your visit much more enjoyable. The capital city London is a great place to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times. There are countless historic sites to explore, and lots of museums with ancient relics from all over the UK. The UK is a fascinating mix of history and modern culture, with both new and old traditions. If you keep your eyes open, you will be surprised to find that you can see both its past and its present.