This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.
例：Mr. Smith, whose car was stolen, reported it to the police. 史密斯先生的车被偷了，他报了警。
注意：whose 既可指人也可指物，引导非限制性定语从句时用逗号与主句隔开。
Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.
where malaria was more common 为 where 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 Hainan。
例：We went to Beijing, where we visited the Great Wall. 我们去了北京，在那里参观了长城。
过去分词作后置定语
chosen 和 showing promise 均为过去分词/现在分词短语作后置定语。
the first researchers chosen = the first researchers who were chosen
treatments that showed promise = treatments showing promise（定语从句简化为分词短语）
One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties. Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.
Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract 为现在分词短语作方式状语，表示"用较低温度提取"的方式。
例：Using a computer, she finished the report quickly. 用电脑操作，她很快完成了报告。
most of whom引导非限制性定语从句
most of whom recovered 中 most of whom 为"介词+关系代词"结构引导非限制性定语从句，whom 指代 patients。
例：The students, many of whom were from China, did well. 那些学生考得很好，其中许多来自中国。
According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, "The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world."
Upon/On + doing sth 意为"一……就……"，相当于 as soon as / the moment。
例：Upon arriving at the airport, he called me. 他一到机场就给我打了电话。
注意：此结构的主语与主句主语必须一致。
不定式被动式作真正主语
It is indeed an honour for... to be spread 中 It 为形式主语，to be spread 为不定式被动式，作真正主语。
例：It is important for the work to be finished on time. 这项工作按时完成很重要。
要点摘要
青蒿素的发现是本年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖成果，挽救了数十万人的生命
屠呦呦的科研历程：从组建团队到查阅古籍、评估植物药性
实验历经多次失败，屠呦呦从古籍中找到低温提取法，终获成功
屠呦呦认为青蒿素的发现是团队努力，并肯定了中医的巨大价值
Reading for Writing
THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE
一个改变了我们对宇宙认识的人
Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc². Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.
who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics 为非限制性定语从句，补充说明 Einstein 的地位。
非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开，不能省略，省略后主句仍为完整句子。
独立主格结构
the most well-known being the general theory of relativity 为独立主格结构，由"名词+现在分词"构成，作补充说明。
例：The weather being fine, we went out for a walk. 天气很好，我们出去散步了。
This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.
entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900 为现在分词短语作伴随状语，表示与 passed 同时发生的动作。
例：He walked into the room, singing a song. 他唱着歌走进了房间。
After graduation, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, he published four extraordinary physics papers. In 1909, he quit his job at the patent office and entered university full-time as a professor. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.
While working there = While he was working there，省略了主语和 be 动词。当从句主语与主句主语一致时，可省略。
例：While reading the book, he fell asleep. 读着书的时候，他睡着了。
现在分词作结果状语
earning a doctorate in physics in 1905 为现在分词短语作结果状语，表示"继续学习"这一动作的结果。
例：He worked very hard, passing the exam. 他学习很努力，通过了考试。
Einstein had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. Though he was sometimes considered a strange man, his odd mix of hair and moustache made him stand out, and he was loved by ordinary people. Despite his great intelligence, he was a modest man. He once said, "I have no special talents. I am only passionately curious."
as though he had just received an electric shock 中 had received 为过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟。
例：He looked as if he had seen a ghost. 他看起来好像看见了鬼一样。（实际没有）
In 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a result, he had to flee Germany. He then went to the United States and took a job as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. He continued his physics research there until his death in 1955.
found the doors of academic institutions closed to him 中 closed 为过去分词作宾补，表被动和状态。
例：I found the window broken. 我发现窗户被打破了。
On 18 April 1955, Einstein passed away. He was one of the smartest men who ever lived, but he was also a man who was deeply concerned with the future of humanity. He signed his last letter just before he died, calling on people to give up nuclear weapons. He will always be remembered as a genius and a brave and kind man who cared about the world.