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高中 · 人教版2025 · 选择性必修第一册 · Unit 4
Reading and Thinking
LISTENING TO HOW BODIES TALK
倾听身体的诉说
We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions in our interactions with other people. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
在与他人交流时，我们既使用言语也通过身势语来表达我们的想法和观点。通过观察别人的身势语，我们可以了解很多他们的想法。言语固然重要，但是人们站立、握紧手臂、移动双手的方式也能帮助我们了解他们的情绪。
interaction
the way + 定语从句

the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands 中 the way 后接定语从句，省略了关系词 that/in which。

例：I don't like the way he speaks. 我不喜欢他说话的方式。

注意：the way 作先行词时，关系词只能用 that、in which 或省略，不能用 how。

Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. For example, making eye contact—looking into someone's eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest. In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of. For example, in many Middle Eastern countries, men and women are not socially permitted to make eye contact. In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
就像口头语言一样，身势语因文化而异。关键是使用身势语的方式要与你所处的文化相适应。例如，在有些国家，眼神交流——看着别人的眼睛——是表现兴趣的一种方式。相反，在另一些国家，眼神交流并不总是被认可。例如，在许多中东国家，男女不允许在社交场合进行眼神交流。在日本，和年长的人讲话时，目光向下以表示尊敬。
varyappropriateby contrastapprovedemonstrate
The gesture for "OK" has different meanings in different cultures. In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money. In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite.
"OK"这个手势在不同的文化中有不同的含义。在日本，如果看到另一个人用这个手势，可能认为这意味着钱。在法国，看到同一个手势的人可能会将其解读为"零"。但是在巴西和德国，你应该避免使用这个手势，因为它被认为是不礼貌的。
witnessemployidenticalinterpret
avoid doing sth

avoid doing sth 意为"避免做某事"，后接动名词，不接不定式。

例：You should avoid making the same mistake. 你应该避免犯同样的错误。

类似用法的动词：enjoy, finish, mind, practice, suggest

Even the gestures we use for "yes" and "no" differ around the world. In many countries, shaking one's head means "no", and nodding means "yes". By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. There are also differences in how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part. In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss their friends on the cheek when they meet. Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
甚至我们用来表示"是"与"不是"的手势，在世界各地也不同。在许多国家，摇头表示"不"，点头表示"是"。相比之下，在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部，这两种手势的含义是相反的。差异还表现在我们彼此接触的方式，我们与谈话对象的距离，以及我们见面或告别时的行为。在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们和朋友见面时可能会亲吻他们的脸颊。在其他地方，人们见面时更喜欢握手，弯腰鞠躬或者点头。
differby comparisonfavour
宾语从句并列

how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone, and how we act 为三个宾语从句并列，作 in 的宾语。

注意：三个从句由 how 引导，用逗号和 and 连接，保持结构平行。

Some gestures seem to have the same meaning everywhere. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means "sleep". A good way of saying "I am full" is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal.
有些手势似乎在每个地方都有相同的含义。双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示"睡觉"。用餐后轻轻用手在胃部转圈表示"我饱了"。
动名词短语作主语

Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes 为动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 means。

例：Getting up early is a good habit. 早起是个好习惯。

Some body language has many different uses. Perhaps the best example is smiling. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can break down barriers. We can use a smile to apologise, to greet someone, to ask for help, or to start a conversation. Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
有些身势语有许多不同的用途。最好的例子也许是微笑。微笑可以帮助我们度过难关，在陌生人的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以打破障碍。我们可以用微笑来道歉，跟某人打招呼，寻求帮助或者开始对话。专家建议对着镜子微笑来让自己更快乐、更坚强。而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
get throughbreak down
nothing better than 比较结构

there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend 中 nothing better than 为比较级表最高级含义，意为"没有什么比……更好的了"。

例：There is nothing better than a hot bath after a long day. 漫长的一天后，没有什么比泡个热水澡更好的了。

要点摘要
  • 身势语与口头语言同样重要，可传递情感信息
  • 身势语因文化而异：眼神交流在不同文化中含义不同
  • "OK"手势在不同国家含义不同
  • "是"与"否"的手势各国不同
  • 部分手势全球通用
  • 微笑是最多用途的肢体语言：道歉、问候、求助等
Reading for Writing
HOW DO I KNOW MY STUDENTS
我如何了解我的学生
As an educator, people often ask me how I know what is going on in the minds of my students. Many students are quite shy and don't speak all that much. At the same time, in a classroom of more than forty students, it is hard to have many one-on-one conversations with each person. So, how can I really know what makes each student tick?
作为一名教育工作者，经常有人问我如何了解学生的思想动态。很多学生都比较腼腆，不怎么说话。同时，在四十多个学生的教室里，很难和每个人进行很多一对一的交谈。那么，如何才能真正了解每个学生的特点呢？
make sb tick
宾语从句嵌套

how I know what is going on in the minds of my students 中 how 引导宾语从句，其内部又嵌套了 what 引导的宾语从句。

注意：从句用陈述语序。

My answer? I look at their body language. It is easy to recognise when students are interested in a lesson. Most tend to look up and make eye contact. When I make a joke, they smile. When I talk about something difficult, they look confused. I know when students are really interested, however, because they lean forward and look at me. People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. So if a student has his head lowered to look at his watch, it implies he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end. If two friends are leaning their heads together, they are probably writing notes to each other. Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. Some students look up, but there is an absence of eye contact. Their eyes barely move, and they always have the same distant expression on their faces. It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
我的答案是什么？我看他们的肢体语言。学生对某堂课感兴趣是很容易识别的。大多数人会抬起头来，进行眼神交流。当我讲笑话时，他们会微笑。当我讲到一些困难的东西时，他们会显得很困惑。然而，我知道什么时候学生真的感兴趣，因为他们会向前倾，看着我。人们有一种倾向，就是对任何他们感兴趣的东西都会往前靠。所以，如果一个学生低着头看表，就意味着他很无聊，只是在计算下课的时间。如果两个朋友的头靠在一起，可能是在给对方写纸条。当然，并不是每个抬头的人都在上课时专心听讲。有些学生抬起头来，但没有眼神交流。他们的眼睛几乎不动，脸上总是带着同样的冷漠表情。就好像他们睁着眼睛在睡觉一样。
imply
as though 虚拟语气

as though they are asleep with their eyes open 中 as though 引导方式状语从句，此处陈述可能性，不用虚拟语气。

当 as though 表示不真实的情况时才用虚拟语气：He talks as if he were the boss. 他说话的语气好像他是老板似的。

have + 宾语 + 过去分词

has his head lowered 中 lowered 为过去分词作宾补，表被动（头被低下）。

例：She had her hair cut yesterday. 她昨天剪了头发。

Some students are amused by something else. They spend all their time looking anywhere but at me. Then again, some students' favourite activity is daydreaming. With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. They are certainly interested in something, but who knows what. The main thing is reminding distracted students that they need to pay attention in class.
一些学生被其他事情逗乐了。他们总是在看任何地方，就是不看我。有些学生最喜欢的活动是做白日梦。他们用手托着下巴，通过盯着窗外或天花板来充实自己。他们当然对某些东西感兴趣，但谁知道是什么呢。最主要的是提醒分心的学生，他们需要在课堂上专心听讲。
with 复合结构

With their chins on their hands 为 with 复合结构（with + 名词 + 介词短语），作伴随状语。

常见形式：with + n. + doing / done / to do / adj. / adv. / prep.

例：He slept with the window open. 他开着窗户睡觉了。

While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies. Students who are sad or worried will nearly always wear a frown. They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or ashamed. Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the teacher. However, if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home. Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
虽然很容易察觉到学生什么时候感兴趣、无聊或心不在焉，但有时要区分学生什么时候有烦恼就难多了。生气、害怕、焦虑的学生可能会双手交叉在胸前，双腿合拢或交叉，像是在保护自己的身体。悲伤或担忧的学生几乎都会皱着眉头。他们也会用手掩面，像是感到尴尬或羞愧。有些学生之所以有这样的行为，只是因为他们害怕被老师叫住。但是，如果一个学生不屑于梳理自己的头发，而且眼睛哭得通红，那么我可以推断出有更深层次的问题在作祟。可能是她与其他同学或家里发生了严重的矛盾。不管是什么，我知道我需要询问和评估发生了什么。
perceivedistinguishinfermerely
while 让步状语从句

While it is easy to perceive... 中 while 意为"虽然；尽管"，引导让步状语从句，相当于 although。

例：While I understand your point, I disagree. 虽然我理解你的观点，但我不同意。

Ultimately, my duty is helping every student to learn. Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students individually, so they can get the most out of school. Reacting to body language is an important component of being a teacher.
最终，我的职责是帮助每个学生学习。他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候应该调整课堂活动，什么时候应该干预，什么时候应该与学生单独交谈，这样他们就能从学校得到最大的收获。对肢体语言做出反应是作为一名教师的重要组成部分。
adjustcomponent
when + to do 结构

when to adjust / when to intervene / when to talk 为"疑问词+不定式"结构，作宾语。

例：I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。

要点摘要
  • 通过观察肢体语言了解学生内心
  • 感兴趣的学生抬头看、前倾；无聊的低头看表；走神的目光空洞
  • 走神的学生东张西望或做白日梦
  • 辨别烦恼更难：交叉双臂、皱眉、掩面可能是焦虑信号
  • 教师的职责是根据肢体语言调整教学，帮助学生