约翰·斯诺战胜"霍乱王"

Reading and Thinking

JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"

约翰·斯诺战胜"霍乱王"

Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome. This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration, and even death. In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease. As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera. In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.

在英国医生约翰·斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。这种病可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。年轻的约翰·斯诺医生感到很沮丧，因为当时没有人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料过分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他从未放弃彻底消灭霍乱的愿望。

severefrustratedonce and for all

until引导时间状语从句

until 引导时间状语从句，表示"直到……才"，主句用延续性动词。

例：He waited until the rain stopped. 他一直等到雨停。

注意：not...until... 表示"直到……才"，主句用短暂性动词。

In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. One theory was that bad air caused the disease. Another was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed proof. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate. He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

总的来说，当时的医生有两种截然不同的理论来解释霍乱的传播方式。一种理论认为恶劣的空气导致了这种疾病。另一种理论认为霍乱是由食物或水中的细菌感染引起的。斯诺赞同第二种理论。这是正确的，但他仍然需要证据。因此，当1854年霍乱袭击伦敦时，斯诺开始调查。他发现在两条特定的街道上，霍乱的爆发非常严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。

contradictoryinfectiongermsubscribe to

so...that... 结果状语从句

so severe that more than 500 people died 为 so...that... 引导的结果状语从句，表示"如此……以至于……"。

例：The box was so heavy that I couldn't lift it. 箱子太重了，我搬不动。

区别：such...that... 修饰名词

Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40). However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump. Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame. What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street. It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. Through this intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.

斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者居住的确切位置。在宽街水泵附近有多人死亡（尤其是16号、37号、38号和40号住宅）。然而，有些住户（如宽街20号和21号，以及剑桥街8号和9号）没有死亡病例。这些人在剑桥街7号的酒馆工作。他们得到了免费的啤酒，因此没有喝水泵里的水。斯诺怀疑水泵是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个地方，一位妇女和她的女儿在搬离宽街后死于霍乱。似乎这位妇女非常喜欢水泵里的水，以至于每天让人送到她家。根据这些证据，约翰·斯诺能够宣布水泵的水携带霍乱细菌。因此，他让人拆掉了水泵的手柄，使其无法使用。通过这一干预措施，疾病的传播被遏制了。

multiplehouseholdsuspectbe to blameproofas a result of

have + 宾语 + 过去分词

had the handle of the pump removed 和 had it delivered 中，have + 宾语 + 过去分词表示"让某事被做"，过去分词表被动。

例：I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天理了发。

区别：have + 宾语 + do/doing 表示不同含义

The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste. Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London. Some companies sold water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through Snow's tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease. However, cholera is still a problem. Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it. Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow. Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics, Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases. For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.

事实是宽街水泵的水已经被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺后来还能够在伦敦的其他霍乱病例和不同的自来水公司之间建立联系。一些公司出售被未经处理的废物污染的泰晤士河水。喝这种水的人比喝纯净或煮沸的水的人得霍乱的可能性大得多。通过斯诺不懈的努力，自来水公司开始出售干净的水，全世界霍乱的威胁大幅下降。然而，霍乱仍然是一个问题。每年，全世界有数百万人感染霍乱，许多人因此死亡。幸运的是，由于约翰·斯诺的工作，我们现在知道如何预防霍乱。此外，斯诺通过使用地图和统计数据，改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被认为是现代流行病学之父。

infectlinkthanks tosubstantial

the way + 定语从句

the way scientists study diseases 中 the way 后的定语从句可用 that / in which 引导，也可省略关系词。

例：I don't like the way (that) he talks. 我不喜欢他说话的方式。

文化拓展

John Snow被称为"现代流行病学之父"，他开创了使用地图和统计数据追踪疾病传播的方法，这一方法至今仍是流行病学研究的基础。

要点摘要

霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一，约翰·斯诺决心彻底消灭它
当时关于霍乱传播有两种理论：空气传播和细菌传播，斯诺赞同后者
斯诺通过地图标记发现水泵附近死亡集中，拆掉水泵手柄后遏制了疫情
斯诺证实水泵水被废物污染，他的工作改变了疾病研究方式，被称为现代流行病学之父

Reading for Writing

THE FATHER OF CHINA'S AEROSPACE

中国航天之父

Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact on China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Described by the authors of the Story of Qian Xuesen as a man with "great scientific thought and scientific spirit" who was patriotic and served his homeland with effort, achievement, and devotion, Qian was an extremely well-respected man.

也许没有哪位科学家对中国航天科学的影响比钱学森更大。《钱学森的故事》的作者称他是一个具有"伟大科学思想和科学精神"的人，他爱国，用努力、成就和奉献来为祖国服务。钱学森是一位极其受人尊敬的人。

patrioticdevotion

比较级表最高级

no other... has had a greater... than 用比较级形式表达最高级含义，意为"没有比……更……的了"，即"……是最……的"。

例：No other student is taller than Tom in our class. 我们班没有比汤姆更高的学生了。

过去分词短语作状语

Described by the authors... as a man... 为过去分词短语作状语，表示被动和伴随状态，逻辑主语为 Qian。

例：Born in a small village, he knew the hardship of country life. 出生在一个小村庄里，他深知农村生活的艰辛。

Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended schools in Beijing and then entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However, after the Songhu Battle broke out in 1932, Qian made the decision to switch his major to aviation because he realised that China needed its own powerful air force to protect and defend the country.

钱学森1911年出生于杭州，在北京上学，后进入上海交通大学学习铁路机械工程。然而，1932年淞沪会战爆发后，钱学森决定将专业转向航空，因为他意识到中国需要自己强大的空军来保护和保卫国家。

mechanicalswitch to

过去分词短语作时间状语

Born in Hangzhou in 1911 为过去分词短语作时间状语，逻辑主语为 Qian，相当于 When he was born...。

例：Born in a poor family, she had to work hard. 出生在贫困家庭，她不得不努力工作。

Qian went to the United States in 1935 to pursue his graduate studies. Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology. As a graduate assistant at the California Institute of Technology during the 1930s, Qian helped conduct important research into rocket propulsion, and in the 1940s, he and several other people founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, now one of NASA's leading space-exploration centres.

1935年，钱学森前往美国攻读研究生。在20世纪30年代和40年代期间，钱学森成为美国喷气式飞机和火箭技术的先驱。20世纪30年代在加州理工学院担任研究生助理期间，钱学森协助进行了火箭推进方面的重要研究。20世纪40年代，他和另外几个人创建了喷气推进实验室，现在是美国国家航空航天局（NASA）领先的太空探索中心之一。

pursuepioneer

现在分词短语作同位语

now one of NASA's leading space-exploration centres 为 JPL 的同位语，补充说明其现状。

例：Beijing, the capital of China, is a beautiful city. 北京，中国的首都，是一座美丽的城市。

After overcoming some difficulties during his final few years in the US, Qian returned to China in 1955. He received a hero's welcome from his homeland and was put in charge of not only developing China's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. At that time, China was poor and its rocket science was undeveloped. No institute or university in China offered rocket science as a major, and there were no talents or experts in this field in China. Nevertheless, Qian did not let that discourage him from taking on the challenge. When asked "Can we Chinese possibly make missiles?", his reply was a determined "Why not? We Chinese are able to make the same things that other people make."

克服了在美国最后几年的种种困难后，钱学森于1955年回到中国。他受到了祖国英雄般的欢迎，并被委以重任，不仅负责发展中国的火箭科学，还负责太空和导弹项目。当时，中国贫穷，火箭科学不发达。中国没有任何学院或大学开设火箭科学专业，也没有这方面的人才或专家。然而，钱学森并没有因此气馁而放弃接受挑战。当被问到"我们中国人能造导弹吗？"时，他的回答是坚定的"为什么不能？我们中国人能造出和别人一样的东西。"

in charge ofnevertheless

not only...but also... 并列结构

not only developing...but also its space and missile programme 为 not only...but also... 并列结构。

注意：not only 置于句首时，前半句需部分倒装。

例：Not only did he finish the work, but also he did it well. 他不仅完成了工作，而且做得很好。

过去分词作时间状语

When asked = When he was asked，过去分词作时间状语，省略了与主句相同的主语和 be 动词。

例：When asked about his plan, he remained silent. 当被问到他的计划时，他保持沉默。

Under Qian's leadership, China developed the Dongfeng missiles, followed by the first generation of Long March rockets. In 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, from a Long March rocket. Because much of the technology behind the Shenzhou rockets can also be traced back to Qian's research, Qian earned the name of "the father of China's aerospace". Qian read a lot and was extremely knowledgeable, especially in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research.

在钱学森的领导下，中国研制了东风导弹，随后又研制了第一代长征火箭。1970年，中国用长征火箭成功发射了第一颗人造卫星"东方红一号"。由于神舟火箭背后的许多技术也可以追溯到钱学森的研究，钱学森赢得了"中国航天之父"的称号。钱学森博览群书，知识极其渊博，特别是在前沿科学研究领域。然而，使他成为如此杰出和富有创造力的科学家的，可能正是他对其他事物的浓厚兴趣，如音乐和绘画。他对艺术的深刻领悟经常给他的科学研究带来灵感。

trace back toleadershipappreciation

what引导主语从句

what might have made him such an outstanding and creative scientist 为 what 引导的主语从句，what 在从句中作主语。

例：What surprised me most was his attitude. 最让我惊讶的是他的态度。

On 31 October 2009, the whole country was saddened by Qian's death, and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.

2009年10月31日，全国人民为钱学森的逝世而悲痛，人们以不同的方式纪念他、缅怀他。

sadden

要点摘要

钱学森是中国航天科学最具影响力的科学家，具有伟大科学思想和爱国精神
他从铁路机械工程转向航空专业，赴美深造后成为火箭技术先驱
1955年回国后主持中国火箭和导弹项目，在艰苦条件下取得突破
他领导研制东风导弹和长征火箭，被誉为"中国航天之父"